• Plain function call → this is undefined (strict mode) or the global object
• Method call (obj.method()) → this is the object before the dot
• Arrow functions → this is inherited lexically from the enclosing scope
• call() / apply() / bind() → this is set explicitly
• new Constructor() → this is the newly created object

const obj = {
  name: 'Ada',
  regular() { return this.name; },      // 'Ada' — this = obj
  arrow: () => { return this.name; },   // undefined — this = outer scope
};