• call(thisArg, a, b, ...) — invokes immediately, arguments listed individually
• apply(thisArg, [a, b, ...]) — invokes immediately, arguments as an array
• bind(thisArg, a, b, ...) — returns a NEW function with this permanently bound

function greet(greeting) {
  return `${greeting}, ${this.name}`;
}

const user = { name: 'Grace' };

greet.call(user, 'Hi');           // 'Hi, Grace'
greet.apply(user, ['Hello']);      // 'Hello, Grace'
const bound = greet.bind(user);
bound('Hey');                        // 'Hey, Grace'